A Routing Delay Predication Based on Packet Loss and Explicit Delay Acknowledgement for Congestion Control in MANET

In Mobile Ad hoc Networks congestion control and prevention are demanding because of network node mobility and dynamic topology. Congestion occurs primarily due to the large traffic volume in the case of data flow because the rate of inflow of data traffic is higher than the rate of data packets on the node. This alteration in sending rate results in routing delays and low throughput. The Rate control is a significant concern in streaming applications, especially in wireless networks. The TCP friendly rate control method is extensively recognized as a rate control mechanism for wired networks, which is effective in minimizing packet loss (PL) in the event of congestion. In this paper, we propose a routing delay prediction based on PL and Explicit Delay Acknowledgement (EDA) mechanism for data rate and congestion control in MANET to control data rate to minimize the loss of packets and improve the throughput. The experiment is performed over a reactive routing protocol to reduce the packet loss, jitter, and improvisation of throughput

Ultrastructural study on morphology of Schistosoma spindale by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)

The present study was undertaken to investigate the detailed morphological features along with morphometry of different structures of Schistosoma spindale (Adult flukes) which were recovered by a perfusion technique and visualized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The length of spines on the oral sucker and ventral suckers were 2.6 µm and 2.5 µm, respectively. The measured width of aspinose area beneath the ventral sucker, rim of the ventral sucker and tegumental papillae were 5.4, 22.5 µm and 3 µm, respectively. Males have a welldefined gynaecophoric canal, originating just below the ventral sucker and extending up to the posterior end of the body, continued as a marked conical projection. The ventral surface of the oral sucker was completely covered with numerous spines. The ventral sucker was pedunculated, round, thick-rimmed and the inner side contained numerously pointed spines directed towards the center of the ventral sucker. The tegument surface of S. spindale showed ridged layers with large uniciliated and pit like papillae which were recorded more in posterior end. Thus, Scanning Electron microscopy (SEM) provided indepth ultrastructural morphological details of Schistosoma spindale which was in accordance with that of previous studies, would be applicable for its differentiation with other species (S. mansoni, S. bovis, S. haematobium, S. japonicum)

Two-stage in vitro digestibility assay, a tool for formulating non-starch polysaccharide degrading enzyme combinations for commonly used feed ingredients of poultry rations

Aim: An attempt was made to assess the effect of pure enzyme combinations with the objective of formulating customized enzyme mixtures based on sugar release when subjected to two-stage in vitro digestion assay. Materials and Methods: A two-stage in vitro digestibility assay was carried out for commonly used feed ingredients for poultry viz., maize, soy bean meal, sunflower cake, and de-oiled rice bran supplemented with three concentrations of xylanase (5000; 7500 and 10000 IU/kg), cellulase (50; 100 and 400 IU/kg) and â-D-glucanase (100; 200 and 400 IU/kg) were used to formulate various NSP enzymes combinations. In total 27 NSP enzyme combinations (3x3x3) were formulated and the sugar released due to NSP digestion was quantified by phenol sulphuric acid method. Results: The total sugar release was significantly (P<0.05) higher with supplementation of various enzymes combinations for maize, sunflower cake and de-oiled rice bran where as no significant (P<0.05) interaction of various NSP enzymes combinations was observed for soy bean meal. The NSP digestibility was highest in combination (xylanase-5000, cellulase-50 and â-D-glucanase-400 IU/kg), (xylanase-10000, cellulase-50 and â-D-glucanase-200 IU/kg) and (xylanase-7500, cellulase- 100 and â-D-glucanase-100 IU/kg) for maize, sunflower cake and de-oiled rice bran respectively. In case of sunflower cake, significant (P<0.01) three way interaction was observed among the xylanase, cellulose, and â-D-glucanase enzymes and the two-way interactions between the enzymes were also significant (P<0.01). Conclusion: It is concluded that 'n' number of non-starch Polysaccharide enzymes combinations can be screened for their efficiency to digest non-starch Polysaccharides present in various feed ingredients commonly used in poultry rations by employing two-stage in vitro digestibility assay as a tool. [Vet World 2013; 6(8.000): 525-529

A new multiplex RT-PCR assay for serotyping of bluetongue virus

219-225Among all viral diseases affecting small ruminants, bluetongue is the one that affects adversely to an alarming extent. The current available diagnosis/serotyping of bluetongue virus (BTV) is time consuming, costly, and requires to screen individually for each of the 29 distinct serotypes. The present study was conducted with the objective of developing a multiplex reverse transcription PCR (mRT-PCR) assay for serotyping of BTV, especially for serotypes BTV-1, 2, 9, 12, 16, 21 and 23 predominantly circulating in India. The type specific primers for the selected BTV serotypes were designed targeting the serotype specific segment-2 region of BTV based on the reference serotype sequences of Indian isolates available in GenBank. The mRT-PCR was conducted in two groups - group A for BTV-1, 9, 12, 21 and group B for BTV-2, 16 and 23. A panel of 25 BT suspected clinical samples were typed by mRT-PCR. The results were further validated by the gold standard serum neutralization test (SNT). A seroprevalence of 60% for BTV- 2, 10% for BTV- 9, 15% for BTV- 1, 10% for BTV- 16 and 5% for BTV- 23 were observed. Further, we noticed that there was a mixed serotype infection in 10% of BTV positive samples. In conclusion, we report the development of a novel mRT-PCR assay for a rapid and cost-effective nucleic acid based serotyping of BTV having the specificity same as SNT

Contrasting selective patterns across the segmented genome of bluetongue virus in a global reassortment hotspot

For segmented viruses, rapid genomic and phenotypic changes can occur through the process of reassortment, whereby co-infecting strains exchange entire segments creating novel progeny virus genotypes. However, for many viruses with segmented genomes, this process and its effect on transmission dynamics remain poorly understood. Here, we assessed the consequences of reassortment for selection on viral diversity through time using bluetongue virus (BTV), a segmented arbovirus that is the causative agent of a major disease of ruminants. We analysed ninety-two BTV genomes isolated across four decades from India, where BTV diversity, and thus opportunities for reassortment, are among the highest in the world. Our results point to frequent reassortment and segment turnover, some of which appear to be driven by selective sweeps and serial hitchhiking. Particularly, we found evidence for a recent selective sweep affecting segment 5 and its encoded NS1 protein that has allowed a single variant to essentially invade the full range of BTV genomic backgrounds and serotypes currently circulating in India. In contrast, diversifying selection was found to play an important role in maintaining genetic diversity in genes encoding outer surface proteins involved in virus interactions (VP2 and VP5, encoded by segments 2 and 6, respectively). Our results support the role of reassortment in driving rapid phenotypic change in segmented viruses and generate testable hypotheses for in vitro experiments aiming at understanding the specific mechanisms underlying differences in fitness and selection across viral genomes

Pigeonpea nutrition and its improvement

Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan [L.] Millsp.), known by several vernacular and names such as red gram, tuar, Angola pea. yellow dhal and oil dhal, is one of the major grain legume crops of the tropics and sub-tropics. It is a crop of small holder dryland fmmers because it can grow well under subsistence level of agriculture and provides nutritive food, fodder, and fuel wood. It also improves soil by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. India by far is the largest pigeonpea producer it is consumed as decorticated split peas, popularly called as 'dhaL' In other countries, its consumption as whole dty and green vegetable is popular. Its foliage is used as fodder and milling by-products [onn an excellent feed for domestic animals. Pigeonpea seeds contain about 20-22% protein and appreciable amounts of essential amino.acids and minerals. DehuHing and boiling treatments of seeds get rid of the most antinutritional factors as tannins and enzyme inhibitors. Seed storage causes considerable losses in the quality of this legume. The seed protein of pigeonpea has been successfully enhanced by breeding from 20-22% to 28-30%. Such lines also agronomically performed well and have acceptable and color. The high-protein lines were found nutritionally superior to the cultivars because they would provide more quantities of utilizable protein and sulfur-containing amino acids

General anaesthetic and airway management practice for obstetric surgery in England: a prospective, multi-centre observational study

There are no current descriptions of general anaesthesia characteristics for obstetric surgery, despite recent changes to patient baseline characteristics and airway management guidelines. This analysis of data from the direct reporting of awareness in maternity patients' (DREAMY) study of accidental awareness during obstetric anaesthesia aimed to describe practice for obstetric general anaesthesia in England and compare with earlier surveys and best-practice recommendations. Consenting patients who received general anaesthesia for obstetric surgery in 72 hospitals from May 2017 to August 2018 were included. Baseline characteristics, airway management, anaesthetic techniques and major complications were collected. Descriptive analysis, binary logistic regression modelling and comparisons with earlier data were conducted. Data were collected from 3117 procedures, including 2554 (81.9%) caesarean deliveries. Thiopental was the induction drug in 1649 (52.9%) patients, compared with propofol in 1419 (45.5%). Suxamethonium was the neuromuscular blocking drug for tracheal intubation in 2631 (86.1%), compared with rocuronium in 367 (11.8%). Difficult tracheal intubation was reported in 1 in 19 (95%CI 1 in 16-22) and failed intubation in 1 in 312 (95%CI 1 in 169-667). Obese patients were over-represented compared with national baselines and associated with difficult, but not failed intubation. There was more evidence of change in practice for induction drugs (increased use of propofol) than neuromuscular blocking drugs (suxamethonium remains the most popular). There was evidence of improvement in practice, with increased monitoring and reversal of neuromuscular blockade (although this remains suboptimal). Despite a high risk of difficult intubation in this population, videolaryngoscopy was rarely used (1.9%)

Pharmacokinetics and Bioavailability Comparison of two oral Tablet Formulations of Escitalopram 20 mg: A Single-Dose, Open-Label, Two-Period Crossover Study in Healthy Indian Adult Subjects: Bio-equivalence of Escitalopram in Healthy Indian subjects

This study was undertaken to assess bioequivalence between test and reference formulations of escitalopram oxalate 20 mg in healthy Indian male subjects. This single-dose, randomized, open-label, 2-period crossover study was carried out in 12 Healthy Indian Male volunteers aged 18 to 55 years under fasting conditions with a wash out of 14 days. The subjects were randomly assigned to receive the test formulation followed by the reference formulation, and then vice versa. Blood samples were collected for up to 156 h postdose. Quantification was carried out using a validated LC-MS/MS method. Maximum plasma concentrations Cmax of 26.386 ± 5.54 ng/mL (test) and 24.430 ± 3.52 ng/mL (reference) were achieved. Areas under the plasma concentration-time curve AUC0-inf of 854.241 ± 91.22 ng. hr/mL (test) and 825.135 ± 1.37 ng. hr/mL (reference), AUC0-t of 848.766 ± 93.26 ng. hr/mL (test), 819.504 ± 1.91 ng. hr/mL (reference) were calculated. The median Tmax was 4.00 hr for test and reference formulation, respectively. Plasma elimination half-lives T1/2 of 19.26 ± 5.95 hr (test), 20.94 ± 2.88 hr (reference) were determined. Both formulations were well tolerated. The 90% confidence intervals obtained by analysis of variance were 94.49-120.68% for Cmax and 98.22-108.18% for AUC0-t which were within the predefined regulatory acceptance limit of 80.00-125.00%

Synthesis and dc magnetic susceptibility of the diluted magnetic semiconducting Cd1−xMnxSCd_{1-x}Mn_xS nanocrystalline films

Nanocrystalline films of $Cd_{1-x}Mn_xS(0\leq x \leq0.5)$ with grain size of 36–58 nm were deposited on glass substrates at a substrate temperature of 300K using resistive thermal evaporation. All the films exhibited wurtzite structure and the lattice parameters varied linearly with composition.The magnetic susceptibility increased sharply with Mn content 'x' and decreased with increase of the temperature